منابع مشابه
Innate and adaptive immunity in Candida albicans infections and saprophytism.
Underlying acquired immunity to the fungus Candida albicans is usually present in adult immunocompetent individuals and is presumed to prevent mucosal colonization progressing to symptomatic infection. Exploration of immunological events leading to Candida resistance or susceptibility has indicated the central role of the innate and adaptive immune systems, the relative contribution of which ma...
متن کاملMutualism, Parasitism, and Evolutionary Adaptation
Our investigations concern the role of symbiosis as an enabling mechanism in evolutionary adaptation. Previous work has illustrated how the formation of mutualist groups can guide genetic variation so as to enable the evolution of ultimately independent organisms that would otherwise be unobtainable. The new experiments reported here show that this effect applies not just in genetically related...
متن کاملBird brood parasitism
For many animals, the effort to rear their young is considerable. In birds, this often includes building nests, incubating eggs, feeding the chicks, and protecting them from predators. Perhaps for this reason, about 1% of birds (around 100 species) save themselves the effort and cheat instead. They are obligate brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species and leaving the hos...
متن کاملRoot-knot and cyst nematode parasitism genes: the molecular basis of plant parasitism.
Roundworms of the Nematoda comprise one of the largest animal phyla on Earth (1). They inhabit diverse terrestrial and aquatic niches through adaptations of a spectrum of trophic groups, including parasites that threaten human, animal and crop plant health. The most well-known nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a native soil-dwelling microbivore that has emerged as a premier model for animal ...
متن کاملParasitism, the diversity of life, and paleoparasitology.
The parasite-host-environment system is dynamic, with several points of equilibrium. This makes it difficult to trace the thresholds between benefit and damage, and therefore, the definitions of commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis become worthless. Therefore, the same concept of parasitism may encompass commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis. Parasitism is essential for life. Life emerged as...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
سال: 1913
ISSN: 0096-6762,1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm191311201692102